Codensity Lifting of Monads and its Dual

We introduce a method to lift monads on the base category of a fibration to its total category. This method, which we call codensity lifting, is applicable to various fibrations which were not supported by its precursor, categorical TT-lifting. After introducing the codensity lifting, we illustrate some examples of codensity liftings of monads along the fibrations from the category of preorders, topological spaces and extended pseudometric spaces to the category of sets, and also the fibration from the category of binary relations between measurable spaces. We also introduce the dual method called density lifting of comonads. We next study the liftings of algebraic operations to the codensity liftings of monads. We also give a characterisation of the class of liftings of monads along posetal fibrations with fibred small meets as a limit of a certain large diagram.Comment: Extended version of the paper presented at CALCO 2015, accepted for publication in LMC

Exploring the Effects of Task Priority on Attention Allocation and Trust Towards Imperfect Automation: A Flight Simulator Study

The present study examined the effect of task priority and task load on attention allocation and automation trust in a multitasking flight simulator platform. Previous research demonstrated that, participants made less fixations and reported lower levels of trust towards the automation in the secondary monitoring under higher load on the primary tracking task (e.g., Karpinsky et al., 2018). The results suggested that participants perceived behaviors of the automated system less accurately due to less attention allocated to monitoring of the system, leading to decreased trust towards it. One potential explanation of the effect is that participants might have prioritized the tracking task due to the elevated task load over monitoring of the automation. The current study employed a 2 x 2 mixed design with task difficulty (low vs. high difficulty) and task priority (equal vs. tracking priority). Participants performed the central tracking task, the system monitoring task, and the fuel management task where the system monitoring was assisted by an imperfect automated system. Participants were instructed to either prioritize the central tracking task over the other two tasks or maximize performance for all tasks. Additionally, participants received feedback on their tracking performance reflecting an anchor of their baseline performance. The data indicated that participants rated lower performance-based trust in a multitasking environment when all tasks were equally prioritized, supporting the notion that task priority modulates the effect of task load

Coping measurement and the state effect of depression and anxiety in psychiatric outpatients

The relationship between coping styles and mental health has received considerable attention, but the state effects on coping measures in a clinical sample are not well known. This study investigated changes in scores on the Coping Inventory for Stressful Situations between two treatment phases (acute and remitted phase) in 49 outpatients with major depression or anxiety disorders. Task-oriented coping changed significantly between the treatment phases in both depressive and anxious patients, as analyzed by two-way multivariate analysis of variance. Results from repeated measures of multivariate analysis of covariance indicated that task-oriented coping was influenced by depression and emotion-oriented coping was influenced by anxiety. Avoidance-oriented coping did not change significantly over time in either depressive or anxiety disorders controlled for depressive and anxiety symptoms. The results of this study suggest that depressive or anxiety symptoms and treatment phase affect coping measurement. Copyright (C) 2002 S. Karger AG, Basel

Particle simulation study of collisionless driven reconnection in a sheared magnetic field

Nonlinear development of collisionless driven reconnection and the consequent energy conversion process between the field and particles in a sheared magnetic field are investigated by means of a two-and-one-half-dimensional particle simulation. Magnetic reconnection takes place in two steps irrespective of a longitudinal magnetic field, but the growth rate of the reconnection field varies in proportion to the E×B drift velocity at an input boundary. It is clearly observed that the triggering mechanism of collisionless driven reconnection for the fast growing phase changes from an electron meandering dominance in a weak longitudinal field to an electron inertia dominance in a strong field. The electron acceleration and heating take place in the reconnection area under the influence of reconnection electric field, while the electron energy is converted to the ion energy through the action of an electrostatic (ambipolar) field excited by magnetic compression in the downstream. It is also found that, in the presence of a longitudinal magnetic field, the electron acceleration by the reconnection field takes place effectively and the generated force-free current is maintained for a long period while forming an asymmetric spatial profile of current layer

Collisionless magnetic reconnection in the presence of an external driving flow

The dynamical development of collisionless reconnection and the consequent energy-conversion process in the presence of an external driving flow are investigated by means of a full particle simulation. Magnetic reconnection develops in two steps in accordance with the formation of ion and electron current layers. In the early phase magnetic reconnection is controlled by an ion kinetic effect, while an electron kinetic effect becomes dominant in the late phase. There exist two mechanisms associated with the particle kinetic effects, that break the frozen-in condition of magnetic field and lead to magnetic reconnection in a collisionless plasma, namely a particle inertia effect and a particle thermal orbit effect. It is found that the dominant triggering mechanism in the late phase changes from an electron thermal orbit effect to an electron inertia effect as the longitudinal magnetic field increases. Electron acceleration and heating take place in the reconnection area under the influence of the reconnection electric field, while the energy conversion takes place from electrons to ions through the action of an electrostatic field excited downstream. As a result, the average ion temperature becomes about 1.5 times the average electron temperature

Hypothesis Testing Interpretations and Renyi Differential Privacy

Differential privacy is a de facto standard in data privacy, with applications in the public and private sectors. A way to explain differential privacy, which is particularly appealing to statistician and social scientists is by means of its statistical hypothesis testing interpretation. Informally, one cannot effectively test whether a specific individual has contributed her data by observing the output of a private mechanism---any test cannot have both high significance and high power. In this paper, we identify some conditions under which a privacy definition given in terms of a statistical divergence satisfies a similar interpretation. These conditions are useful to analyze the distinguishability power of divergences and we use them to study the hypothesis testing interpretation of some relaxations of differential privacy based on Renyi divergence. This analysis also results in an improved conversion rule between these definitions and differential privacy